Opioids include heroine, fentanyl, and prescription pain relievers such as oxycodone (OxyContin), hydrocodone (Vicodin), codeine, morphine, and others.
A diagnosis of “opioid-related disorder” is based on a problematic pattern of opioid use leading to significant impairment or distress, as demonstrated by at least two of the following factors, occurring within a 12-month period:
- Opioids are often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than was intended.
- There is a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to reduce or control opioid use.
- A great deal of time is spent trying to obtain the opioid, use it, or recover from its effects.
- A person has a craving or strong desire to use opioids.
- Recurrent opioid use results in a failure to fulfill major obligations at work, school, or home.
- A person continues opioid use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused of exacerbated by the effects of its use.
- Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of opioid use.
- There is recurrent use of the opioid in situations that are physically hazardous.
- Opioid use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely caused or exacerbated by the opioid.
- Tolerance is developed, as defined by either of the following:
- A need for increased amounts of opioids to achieve intoxication or desired effect.
- A reduced effect with continued use of the same amount of an opioid.
- Withdrawal, as demonstrated by either of the following:
- Characteristic opioid withdrawal syndrome.
- Opioids (or a closely related substance) are taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms.
Opioid use disorder is rated as mild with the presence of 2-3 symptoms, moderate with 4-5 symptoms, and severe with 6 or more symptoms.
A diagnosis of “unspecified opioid-related disorder” may apply in situations in which a person shows symptoms characteristic of an opioid-related disorder, but the symptoms do not meet the full criteria for any specific opioid-related disorder or any of the disorders in the substance-related and addictive disorders diagnostic class.